not mind, realize, recognize, remember, suppose, think, understand.
3-Senses:
appear, hear, look, see, seem, smell, sound, taste.
4- other states :
belong to , consist of, contain, fit, include, lack, measure, need, own, weigh.
Examples
1-We ……hate……….our enemy(hate).
2- Ali ……weighs……..70 kilogram.(weigh).
3- It ……seems………delicious.(seem).
4- This unit……includes……….four sections.(include).
5- I …………don’tknow……..……the answer.(not, know).
6-Timetables and programs
1- The exhibition ……..opens…….on January the first.(open)
2- We ……leave…….at 12:30 and……arrive…..13:25.(leave, arrive)
3- The bus ……leaves………at seven.(leave)
Past Simple Tense
It is used when something happened in the past and finished in the past at a particularly time.
These words help :
Last + adverb of time , yesterday , this morning , ago ,condition type 2 when, as, while, before , after .
Examples :
1- Joe …visited……….…. her friend last summer.(visit)
2 They ………weren't.….….at school yesterday.(not, be)
3- My friend ……couldn't….help me in the morning.(not, can)
4- If the man …sold.…his house ,he would buy another one.(sell)
5- When they …reached..the top of the mountain, it was raining.(reach)
6-As she was reading the story, her mother …rang….the bell.(ring)
7-After the shepherd had sold the sheep ,he …became..an auctioneer.(become)
8-Before he …became..an auctioneer ,he had sold his sheep.(become).
Past simple and used to
Used to means :
1- frequent action in the past .
Ali used to practice everyday.
2- continuing states in the past
He used to like practicing .
Used to and would
Used to + verb Þdescribes a past state or a regular action in the past .
Ali used to play football.
Would +verb Þdescribes regular actions in the past ./it doesn’t describe past states.
تمرين رقم 3 من كتاب العمل صفحة 3
كيفية الإجابة على الأسئلة القصيرة بنعم أم لا
When the question is called yes , no question ?
If it begins with one of the following verbs.(auxiliary or helping verbs )
1-Verbs to be
been
were
was
are
is
am
be
التصريف الثالث
مع الاسم الجمع
مع الاسم المفرد
مع الاسم الجمع
مع الاسم المفرد
دائما مع I))
الجذر
ماضي
ماضي
مضارع
مضارع
مضارع
2-Verbs to do
done
did
does
do
مع الاسم المفرد والجمع
مع الاسم المفرد
مع الاسم الجمع
التصريف الثالث
ماضي
مضارع
مضارع
3- Verbs to have
had
have
has
مع المفرد والجمع
مع الاسم الجمع
مع الاسم المفرد
ماضي وتصريف ثالث
مضارع
مضارع
4- Modals
مضارع
have to
has to
must
may
can
shall
will
ماضي
had to
had to
had to
might
could
should
would
Examples :
1- Is Jamal Jordanian ?
Yes , he is Jordanian.
إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم(yes) فإننا نقوم بعملية قلب بين الفعل والفاعل مع إثبات الفعل المساعد.
No, he isn’t Jordanian .He's Palestinian.
إذا كانت الإجابة بلا(no) فإننا نقوم بعملية قلي بين الفعل والفاعل مع نفي الفعل المساعد.
2- Does he go to school ?
Yes , he goes to school.
أما إذا كان السؤال يبدأ ب does والإجابة بنعم فإننا does نحذف ونضيف s للفعل المضارع.
No , he doesn’t go to school.
إذا كانت الإجابة ب (no) فإننا نقوم بعملية قلب بين الفعل والفاعل مع نفي does.
3- Do he and his family live in Bethlehem?
Yes , they live in Bethlehem.
إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم(yes) فإننا نضعها في المقدمة ونحذف do ونكمل الجملة
No, they don’t live in Bethlehem. They live in Nablus
إذا كانت الإجابة ب (no)فإننا نقوم بعملية قلب بين الفعل المساعد والفاعل مع نفي do.
Did his wife travel with him?
Yes, his wife traveled with him.
إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم فإننا فقط نحذف did ونحول الفعل الرئيسي إلى ماضي .
No, his wife didn’t travel with him.
إذا كانت الإجابة بلا فإننا نقوم بعملية قلب بين الفعل المساعد والفاعل مع نفي did .
Information questions
تكوين الأسئلة.
Who ……… people –subject.
Whom …….people – object
What ……..things-subject or object
When ……. time
Where……. place
للكيفية How …..
Why …..…..reason
Who -------- (who+ singular verb +…..)
1- Ali was at school.
Who was at school ?
2- People are traveling everywhere.
Who is traveling everywhere?
3-Students speak English fluently.
Who speaks English fluently ?
ملاحظة: دائما بعد who الفعل مفرد
4- The doctors have treated the patients at last .
Who has treated the patients at last ?
لاحظنا أن الخط كان تحت الكلمة الأولى في الجملة لذلك استعملنا كلمة السؤال ثم أفردنا الفعل ومن ثم أكملنا الجملة كما هي.
ملاحظة:
أما إذا لم تكن الكلمة التي تحتها خط في أول الجملة فإننا ننظر إلى الفعل فإذا كان من الأفعال المساعدة فإننا نجري عملية قلب بين الفعل المساعد والفاعل
وإذا كان من الأفعال الرئيسية فإننا نستخدم
1-does إذا كان الفعل مضارع معه s مع حذف ال s
2-do إذا كان الفعل مضارع بدون s
3-did إذا كان الفعل ماضيا مع إرجاع الفعل إلى الinfinitive (مجرد)
Whom
Whom+auxiliary verb+subject +……
1- Someone asked Sami to help him.
Whom did someone ask Sami to help?
2- Rami writes a letter to me.
Whom does Rami write a letter to ?
3- I had phoned my friend .
Whom had you phoned ?
what
what -------subject what+singular verb+………..
what-------object what+auxiliary +subject+…..
1-The bag is on the table .
What is on the table?
2- The vet has examined the sheep .
What has the vet examined ?
3- The lion ate the meat.
What did the lion eat ?
Where
1- I live in Nablus.
Where do you live ?
2- They usually take their breakfast at the restaurant.
Where do they usually take their breakfast?
3- The woman washes the clothes at home.
Where does the woman wash the clothes?
When
1- It's very cold in winter .
When is it very cold?
2- The school opens in August.
When does the school open ?
3- I went to Canada last summer .
When did you go to Canada ?
Why
1- He left the city to live in a village .
Why did he leave the city ?
2- Mary was tired because she worked hard .
Why was Mary tired ?
3- We came here in order to study .
Why did they come here ?
How
1- The boys entered the room in a hurry.
How did the boys enter the room ?
2- The couples are walking slowly.
How are the couples walking ?
Unit Two +Unit Three
Present Perfect Tense
The keys :
Already ,since ,for ,ever ,never, recently ,just ,so far ,up to now, yet,
at last, lately.
يستعمل هذا النوع من الأفعال للتعبير عن أحداث في الماضي ولا زالت آثارها قائمة حتى لحظة الكلام.
1-Since 1996, he has been active in Palestinian politics
2-Over the years he has published more than 30 book.
3-I havenevergone to Los Angeles.
4-How long have you lived here?
5-They haveproduced 20 novels at last.
6- Iam sorry .I …haven’tvisited…..for five months.(not visit)
7- I …havemet……Huda just before I came here.(meet)
8-My brother is very tired . He …hastravelled….for several weeks.(travel).
9-…Have….you …seen………Sameer lately?.(see).
10- I …havent… …finished…..my homework yet.(finish).
11- The earth…hasbeen….in existence for millions of years.(be).
12- What good news ! My favourate team …haswon…the game at last.(win).
Past simple and Past continuous
تستخدم للتعبير عن أحداث حدثت في الماضي احدهما حدث وانتهى أثناء حدوث الآخر.
1-When Joe and Susie left at 8:00 the sun was shining
2-While they were climbing the mountain it suddenly got cloudy.
3-It started raining as they were climbing the mountain .
Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous.
يستخدم present perfect continuous عندما يكون الحدث قد بدأ في الماضي ولا يزال مستمرا. صيغته(has, have)+been+ing
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets:-
1-I…havebeenwaiting….(wait)for Ali all day; but he …hasn’tarrived……(not arrive)home yet.
2-I…haven’tfound…….(not find)my dictionary yet . I …havebeenlooking…(look)for it all morning .
3-We …havestudied……(study) French for two years but we (not speak)...haventspoken......to a real French person.
4-We ……haveworked……(work) hard at school recently ,so we(not speak) … haven’tdonewell...... (do well)in the class test .
5-I……havetried…………(try) to phone Nadia , but I …haven’tmanaged…. (not manage) to find her yet .
Future and future continuous
Future tense.
The keys :
Till , until , next , the following , future date,( will+ infinitive)
Iam sure , promise , (offering something )expect.
(be +going to +infinitive ) for personal plans and intentions, for predicting what you must feel happen .
Examples :
1- He promises he …willphone…………every day.(phone)
2- Iam sure that ……willmake…….. life easier.(make)
3- I ……………willsend……………..you something.(send)
4-We …………aregoingtomiss………..him a lot (miss)
5-They ………aregoingtowork…………..together .(work)
6-Our soldiers ………willfight………the enemy until the last man falls (fight)
7- The students ………willleave……..the school next May (leave)
Future Continuous
It is used for : A continuing state in the future
A continuing action in the future
A trend future
صيغته :----------------------------Ü Its form ( will+be+ing) يستخدم مع الحدث الذي سيكون مستمرا في المستقبل.
1- In two years ,Salwa ………will be living………. Away from home. (live)
2-In the coming years , more people …will be going……to collage.(go)
3-In six years time ,she …will be preparing……..for her final exam.(prepare)
Unit Four
Defining relative clauses: full & reduced.
Join the following pairs of sentences using the suitable relative pronoun
( who, which )
1- Al-Quds Textiles is a company. It produces traditional embroidery.
2- Stephen West is the person. He is visiting from homemaker Ltd.
3- Fatima is the one .She is showing him round Al-Quds Textiles.
4- Production is the department .It is at the heart of company.
5- Omar is the manager .He is responsible for production.
6- The staff in Personnel are the people .They look after staff pay.
7- Publicity is the department .It deals with advertising.
8- Nadia is the assistant .She looks after export dispatch details.
للربط بين جملتين يجب إتباع مايلي :
1-نبحث عن اسم أو ضمير في الجملة الثانية يعود على اسم في الجملة الأولى
2-إذا كان هذا الضمير أو الاسم subject ويدل على عاقل نستعمل who بين الجملتين ونحذف الضمير أو الاسم من الثانية
3-إذا كان الاسم أو الضمير يدل على غير عاقل نستعمل which ونحذف الضمير. ملاحظة: يمكن استعمال that عوضا عن who أو which.
إذا كان بعد الأداة فعل فهي بدل فاعل لا يمكن حذفها إذا كان بعد الأداة اسم أو ضمير فهي بدل مفعول به يمكن حذفها
Unit Five
The articles : a , an , the
some , any
much , many
1- a :
تستخدم a مع الاسم المفرد المعدود غير المعرف ولا تستخدم مع الأسماء غير المعدودة (uncountable nouns)
a boat a book a car a chair
a sugar ´ a wisdom ´
2- an :
تستخدم مع الاسم المفرد غير المعرف الذي أوله حرف علة حروف العلة vowels (a , o , u , u , e , i)
an armchair an egg an orange an ugly face an illness
3- the :
تستخدم مع الاسم المفرد والجمع المعدود وغير المعدود المعرف
وكذلك في الحالات التالية:
1-مع أسماء البحار والمحيطات والأنهار والسلاسل الجبلية
the Red Sea the Atlantic the Nile the Alps
2-مع الأسماء الوحيدة
the evening The sun the moon the earth
the fire the morning
3-مع الصفات
The old the blind the deaf the rich the poor
4- مع التفضيل the best the oldest the most dangerous 5- مع اتحاد الدول the USA the UAE the UN
Put( a, an, the , or nothing) :
1-……x….Cairo lies on …the…………Nile.
2-It's nice to sit in …an..armchair by …the….fire in …the…evening.
3-Football is …a….good game.
4-Pleas put …the…...milk on the table in the kitchen.
5-When …a….teacher reaches the age of 60 ,he\she retires.
6-I asked the expert for …an…..advice, but he couldn’t help me.
7-He has …x……..hair.
8-She started writing …x……poetry when she was 16.
9-……The…..sun gives us light.
10-I bought…a…book.
11-What is …the…lowest point on the earth?
12-I saw …an……ugly face.
Some/any
تستخدم some في الجمل المثبتة مع الاسم المعدود وغير المعدود
1- We bought some sugar.
اسم غير معدود
2- The boy broke some pens .
اسم معدود تستخدم any مع السؤال المثبت ومع الجملة المنفية(مع المعدود وغير المعدود)
1- Have you any sugar ? 2- Have you any drawing –pens ?
Cause & result : because & so.
تستخدم because لتوضيح السبب (cause ).يأتي بعدها السبب
و تستخدم so لتوضيح النتيجة (result ).يأتي بعدها النتيجة
Add because or so:
1-I haven’t got enough money ,……so…….…I can't buy that camera.
النتيجة (result)
2-I must talk to the teacher ,………because……….I can't do this exercise.
السبب (reason)
3-Take your coat with you,……because…….…it's going to rain.
4-I've got a lot of homework today,…so…..I can't watch television.
5-Tomorrow's Friday, …so…….we don’t go to school.
6-I'd like to sit next to Fadwa,…because………she's my best friend.
7-Kids, please don't make noise …because……….I'm trying to do my homework.
8-Bad secrets can hurt people …so……they decided to talk to his parents.
9They decided to talk to his parents ,…because….bad secrets can hurt people.
Clauses of purposein order to) & so that.
In order to + infinitive
So that + subject + modal
So that + subject + realise
Use so that or (in order to ) in the spaces:
1-They're making a lot of noise…inorderto….get your attention.
2-They,re making a lot of noise…sothat…….they can get your attention.
3-You should talk to them …sothat…….they realise the phone is public property.
Put the pairs of sentences together with in order to or so that.
1-Jack should talk to the boys. Then they will realise the phone is public property .
2- You had better see your friend's parents .Then you can talk about the problem.
3- What about meeting your young neighbour ? Then you can advise him to avoid the older boys.
4- How about talking to his parents , too? Then they can deal with the problem properly.
5- Tara should talk to Emily .Then Emily will see that her friend is unhappy with her behaviour.
الحل
1-Jack should talk to the boys so that they realise the phone is public property .
2- You had better see your friend's parents so that you can talk about the problem.
3- What about meeting your young neighbor in order to advise him to avoid the older boys?.
4- How about talking to his parents so that they can deal with the problem properly.?
5- Tara should talk to Emily in order to see that her friend is unhappy with her behavior.
Unit Six
Comparisons
ملاحظة : مع الصفات ذات المقطع القصير نستخدم er في حالة المقارنة بين شيئين مع وجود than بعد الصفة. مع الصفات ذات المقطع الطويل نستخدم more مع وجود than أما في حالة المقارنة بين أكثر من شيئين فإننا نستخدم est مع الصفات ذات المقطع القصير مع وجود the قبل الصفة. مع الصفات ذات المقطع الطويل نستخدم most مع وجود the قبلالصفة.
The comparison of adjective.
superlative
comparative
adjective
the cleanest
cleaner than
clean
1
the biggest
bigger than
big
2
the nicest
nicer than
nice
3
the tidiest
tidier than
tidy
4
the narrowest
narrower than
narrow
5
Some irregular comparative & superlative forms.
superlative
comparative
adjective
best
better
good/well
1
worst
worse
bad/ill
2
farthest
farther
far
3
furthest
further
oldest
older
old
4
eldest
elder
most
more
much
5
most
more
many
6
jkkkk jkhjjonger
Longer adjective :form of regular comparison
superlative
comparative
adjective
pleasantest
pleasanter
pleasant
1
most pleasant
more pleasant
least pleasant
less pleasant
most careful
more careful
careful
2
least careful
less careful
most expensive
more expensive
expensive
3
4
least expensive
less expensive
superlative
comparative
example
The safest
Less safe than
Safer than
safe
short
(not)as safe as
the easiest
less easy than
easier than
easy
Ending in y
Not)as easy as)
the most recent
less recent than
more recent than
recent
Most with 2 or more syllables
(not) as recent as
the best
less good than
better than
good
Irregular
the worse
less bad than
worse than
bad
(not)as good/bad as
superlative
comparative
Example
the most slowly
less slowly than
more slowly than
slowly
Ending in ly
(not)as slowly as
the best
less well than
better than
well
Irregular
the worse
worse than
badly
less badly than,(not)as well /badly as
Put the words in brackets into the comparative or superlative form
1- Mars is much…fartherthan......the moon.(far).
2-We were the ……earliest…..to leave the stadium.(early).
4- The doctors have treated the patients at last .
Who has treated the patients at last ?
لاحظنا أن الخط كان تحت الكلمة الأولى في الجملة لذلك استعملنا كلمة السؤال ثم أفردنا الفعل ومن ثم أكملنا الجملة كما هي.
whom
أما إذا لم تكن الكلمة التي تحتها خط في أول الجملة فننا ننظر إلى الفعل فإذا كان من الأفعال المساعدة فننا نجري عملية قلب بين الفعل المساعد والفاعل وإذا كان من الأفعال الرئيسية فإننا نستخدم 4-does إذا كان الفعل مضارع معه s مع حذف ال s
5-do إذا كان الفعل مضارع بدون s
6-Did إذا كان الفعل ماضيا مع إرجاع الفعل إلى الinfinitive (مجرد)
1- Someone asked Sami to help him.
Whom did someone ask Sami to help?
2- Rami writes a letter to me.
Whom does Rami write a letter to ?
3- I had phoned my friend .
Whom had you phoned ?
what
1-The bag is on the table .
What is on the table?
2- The vet has examined the sheep .
What has the vet examined ?
3- The lion ate the meat.
What did the lion eat ?
Where
1- I live in Nablus.
Where do you live ?
2- They usually take their breakfast at the restaurant.
Where do they usually take their breakfast?
3- The woman washes the clothes at home.
Where does the woman wash the clothes?
When
1- It's very cold in winter .
When is it very cold?
2- The school opens in August.
When does the school open ?
3- I went to Canada last summer .
When did you go to Canada ?
Why
1- He left the city to live in a village .
Why did he leave the city ?
2- Mary was tired because she worked hard .
Why was Mary tired ?
3- We came here in order to study .
Why did they come here ?
How
1- The boys entered the room in a hurry.
How did the boys enter the room ?
2- The couples are walking slowly.
How are the couples walking ?
whose
Whose : for possessive
('s , my , her , his ,its , their , our , your )
في حالة وجود الخط تحت أي من الضمائر السابقة نستعمل whose 1- I saw Ali's car .
Whose car did you see?
لاحظ : استعملنا whose لان الخط تحت ما يدل على التملك واستملنا الكلمة التي بعد ضمير التملك ثم اتبعنا الطريق الاعتيادية لإكمال السؤال.
2- We live in his apartment.
Whose apartment do we live in?
3- The man can borrow their car .
Whose car can the man borrow?
How
كيف How :
1- Cotton is grown in rows.
How is cotton grown ?
لاحظ : ما تحته خط يدل على الكيفية وهي كيفية زراعة القطن
2- The boys rushed into the class in a hurry .
How did the boys rush into the class ?
3- Huda speaks English fluently.
How does Huda speak English?
4- He replies with a smile.
How does he reply ?
5- They work like slaves.
How do they work?
How often
تستخدم للسؤال عن التكرار عند وجود ظروف التكرار المحددة وغير المحددة. أمثلة على التكرار المحدد everyday, every year ,five times.
أمثلة على التكرار غير المحدد always,often,sometimes never,ususlly.
1- Muslims pray five times.
How often do Muslims pray?
2- we never went to America.
How often did we go to America?
3-The teacher always asks the students to write the lesson.
How often does the teacher ask the students to write the lesson?
How many
تستخدم للسؤال عن المعدود ويكون الخط تحت رقم أو ما يدل على المعدود. اسم معدود يأتي بعد how many 1- We bought sixcars.
How many cars did we buy?
2- I can speak many languages.
How many languages can you speak?
How much
تستخدم للسؤال عن غير المعدود مثل little , a little , less
1- we found a little money.
How much money did they find?
2- Ali has less patience than Fuad.
How much patience does Ali have than Fuad?
How long
تستخدم للسؤال عن طول الفترة الزمنية. مثال two monthsall the day /all the morning /all the evening/ five hours/
1- I have been waiting him all the evening.
How long have you been waiting him ?
2- We drove in the desert for ten hours
How long did they drive in the desert ?
Which
تستخدم which عندما يكون الخط تحت الصفة .
1- Ali is wearing a red tie.
Which tie is Ali wearing?
2- My brother carried the big box.
Which box did your brother carry ?
3- I am helping the beautiful girl.
Which girl are you helping ?
What kind of
تستخدم للسؤال عن النوع
1- My father works in a vocational school .
What kind of schools does your father work in ?
2- She owned a flour shop.
What kind of shops did she own ?
What-------do
تستخدم عندما يكون الخط تحت الفعل نستعمل doing عندما يكون الفعل مستمرا أي معه ing نستعمل done عندما يكون الفعل تصريف ثالث (past participle)
1- The teacher will punish him if he comes late .
What will the teacher do if he comes late.
2- The man has painted the wall .
What has the man done ?
3- They are playing football.
What are they doing ?
Ask a question about the underlined word.
1-Pupils study in the library.
2-The teacher will punish him if he came late.
3-Women pay a lot of money for clothes.
4-I'm going to buy summer clothes.
5-The pupils got into the classroom one by one.
6- She did the work last night.
7-I borrowed Ahmed's newly published book.
8-He sailed early this morning
9-I prefer the green shirt.
10-The injured child traveled abroad to look for better treatment.
11-We ought to pray five times a day.
12-Engineershave built houses for farmers.
13-I lost the small bag.
Tag Questions
يسمى هذا النوع من الأسئلة بالأسئلة القصيرة حيث أن الفعل المثبت ينفى والمنفي يثبت. يوجد عدة قواعد : 1- وجود الأفعال المساعدة كما يلي
am Ûaren't
am not Ûam
isÛ isn’t
are Ûaren't
was Ûwasn’t
were Ûweren't
has+(past participle) Û hasn’t
have+(past participle) Û haven't
had +(past participle) Û hadn’t
can Û cant
will Û won't
shall Û shan't
must Û mustn't
1-وجود أفعال رئيسية حيث نستعمل : ·إذا كان الفعل مضارعا معه s نستعمل doesn’t ·إذا كان الفعل مضارعا بدون s نستعمل don’t ·إذا كان الفعل ماضيا نستعمل didn’t
2-الشواذ ·فعل الأمر منفي أو مثبت نستعمل willyou ·وجود let's نستعمل shallwe 4- has,have,had)+noun) تعتبر أفعال رئيسية
adjective
Add Tag question:
1- Ali is a good boy ,……isn’the…………………………………………?
2- Sami isn’t nice ,……ishe………………………………………………?
3-We can move now, ……can'twe………………………………..……..?
4- Iam a teacher , ………aren'tI…………………………………………?
5- Iam not a pilot, ……amI…………?
6- The women have washed the clothes, …haven’tthey……………..?
7- The little girl plays football, …doesn'tshe……..?
8- The teachers always ask students questions,…don'tthey……….?
9- He drove his car fast ,…didn'the………?
Add Tag question:
1- We read the poem yesterday,…………didn’twe……………………?
2-The news is interesting , …………isn’tit……………………………….?
3- Let's go out ,…………………………shallwe…………………..……….?
4- They will leave tomorrow,……………won"tthey……………….………….?
1- Present participle clause: is like a relative clause in the present continuous.
e.g : I know the people visiting the head teacher.
( who are visiting the head teacher).
We use ing if the action is continuing, but if it isn't continuing omit ing .
I know the people visit the head teacher.
2- Past participle clause : is like a passive relative clause in a past or perfect tense.
The man chosen for the job will start next week.
(who was chosen)
(who has been chosen)
Modal verbs : present forms
Able ( ability ) : can / can not.
1- I can swim in the sea
هنا can تعني الاستطاعة والقدرة .
2- I can't speak Italian .
هنا can تعني عدم القدرة والاستطاعة لأنها منفية
Allowed : can / can not
1- You can use your phone.
هنا can تعني المسموح أي : يسمح لك باستخدام الهاتف.
2- You can't use your phone.
هنا can تعني غير المسموح به أي: لا يمكنك استخدام الهاتف إذن نستنتج من الأمثلة السابقة أن can يمكن استخدامها في مجالين الأول القدرة على القيام بشيء والثاني المسموح به .
Necessary : have to /don't have to
( Need to / must ) very strong
1- We all have to study first aid .
أي ضروري أن نتعلم الإسعاف الأولي
Possible : may /may not
Might /might not
Could/could not
كلها تدل على الإمكانية (احتمال الشيء)
1- You may pass your test.
أي ممكن أن تنجح في امتحانك.
A good idea /important to do something
Should/should not
Ought /ought not
تعني فكرة جيدة أو مهم أن نفعل شيء ما ( تستخدم للنصيحة في الزمن الحاضر )
1- You should study for your tests.
2- You shouldn't come late to school.
3- You ought to write carefully.
Necessary not to do something
Unnecessary to do something
Must not
't need to
Need not
ليس من الضروري عمل شيء ما
1- You must not put yourself in danger.
2- You don't have to worry.
Perfect modals
1- could have + past participle
تعني القدرة والإمكانية في الزمن الماضي.)كان من الممكن أن ..لكن لم ...)
Why did they wait for the doctor?
They could have given the boy first aid.
2- should have + past participle
تعني النصيحة المتأخرة ( أي كان يجب عليك )
A: I failed my test.
B: You should have studied hard for the test.
3- must have + past participle
تعني انه كان يجب (للضرورة والاستنتاج)مثبت
·Where are my keys?
You must have lost them at home.
للاستنتاج المنفي نستعمل couldn’t have +p.p
Unit Nine
Passive voice
عند التحويل من مبني للمعلوم (أي الفاعل معروف في الجملة) إلى مبني للمجهول علينا التأكد من وجود مفعول به في الجملة. عند التحويل يجب مراعاة مايلي :
1-المفعول به يصبح فاعل.
2-نبحث في الفعل tense ونستعمل إحدى القواعد في الجدول المرافق .فمثلا إذا كان الفعل مضارعا فإننا نستخدم
(am, is are)+ past participle
Am إذا كان الفاعل I
Is اذ1 كان الفاعل مفردا
Are إذا كان الفاعل جمعا وهكذا
Passive voice
verb
Active voice
verb
(am, is are)+ past participle
present
1
(was, were)+ past participle
past
2
(am, is, are)+being+past participle
Present continuous
3
(was, were) +being+past participle
Past continuous
4
(has, have)+been+past participle
Present perfect
5
Had +been+ past participle
Past perfect
6
Modal+ be +past participle
modals
7
Be going to+be+past participle
Be going to
8
Will have been+ past participle
Future perfect
9
أمثلة على التحويل من مبني للمعلوم إلى مبني للمجهول
Passive voice
Active voice
by Mary
is helped
John
John
helps
Mary
by Mary
is being helped
John
John
is helping
Mary
by Mary
has been helped
John
John
has helping
Mary
by Mary
was helped
John
John
helped
Mary
by Mary
was being helped
John
John
was helping
Mary
by Mary
had been helped
John
John
had helping
Mary
by Mary
will be helped
John
John
will help
Mary
by Mary
is going to be helped
John
John
is going to help
Mary
by Mary
Will have been helped
John
John
will have helped
Mary
Change from active voice into passive voice:
1-Tom opens the door .
2-Tom is opening the door.
3-Tom has opened the door.
4-Tom opened the door.
5-Tom was opining the door.
6-Tom had opened the door.
7-Tom will open the door.
. 8-Tom is going to open the door
. 9-Tom will have opened the door
لاحظ أن المطلوب تحويل الأسئلة إلى المبني للمجهول. لاحظ المثال رقم 1 المفعول به هو a cake ولكن لان لدينا صيغة سؤال فإننا لا نستطيع أن نبدأ به ولكن بفعل وهو is ثم المفعول به ثم نكمل صيغة الأفعال المطلوب استخدامها وهي هنا being+past participle فتصبح الجملة Is a cake being eaten?
6- Does the man cut the trees?
Are the trees cut?
7- Do they read the story?
Is the story read?e eating a cake?6-6-
بمعنى آخر: يمكن تحويل السؤال إلى جملة عادية يتم تحويلها إلى المبني للمجهول ومن ثم تحويلها إلى صيغة سؤال.
Unit Ten
Catenative verbs أي فعل يأتي بعدها يجب أن يأخذ to-infinitive Verb +to-infinitive
expect forget hope manage mean plan seem try want would like would prefer.
أي فعل يأتي بعدها يجب أن يأخذ ing Verb + ing
Avoid consider dislike enjoy feel like imagine mind remember suggest.
Complete the conversation
*Basim: So when do you expect…to graduate..( graduate)from college, Khalil?
*Khalil: I hope ……to finish………..(finish) next summer, if all goes well.
B: Do you still enjoy ………doing…….(do) computer studies? I can't imagine……taking……………(take) a course like that myself!
Kh: Well, we're cousins, but I suppose we'revery different. I've never
considered ........trying............(try) anything else!
B: Yes, you're right that we're very different. I tried .....to get............(get) interested in computer, but I never managed .......to enjoy..............( enjoy) them as much as things like art and especially music.
Prepositions after verbs
preposition
verb
verb
verb
about
worry
think
ask
at
smell
shout
look
for
search
pay
look
From
escape
differ
borrow
in
succeed
specialise
believe
of
taste
remind
Consist
on
decide
rely
agree
Prepositions after nouns
preposition
noun
noun
noun
about
story
opinion
idea
for
wish
request
need
in
rise
fall
Decrease
of
result
explanation
amount
on
report
opinion
Information
to
introduction
attention
access
with
trouble
problem
difficulty
Prepositions after adjectives
preposition
adjective
adjective
Adjective
about
worried
sorry
Anxious
at
terrible
good
Amazed
for
responsible
ready
late
of
tired
proud
Afraid
Nouns with different prepositions for different purposes
Argument about something with somebody.
Discussion about/of something with somebody.
Effect of something on somebody.
Verbs with different prepositions for different purposes
Apply to somebody for something
Talk to somebody about something
Write to somebody about something
After/before/when/while)+ ing participles)
Time clauses can be change to participle clauses like the following example.
Before she went home, Nadia did some shopping.
Before going home, Nadia did some shopping.
إذا كان الفعل مع time clause ماضيا يمكن تحويله إلى المضارع مع إضافة ing
Unit Eleven
Conditionals
Type zero
meaning
main clause
If clause
Generally true
Scientific law
It turns to system
If the temperature of water rises to 100 C
الترتيب ألقواعدي
Subject+verb(present)
If + subject+verb (present)
لاحظ أن type zero لا يحتوي على will أو أي modal آخر.
Type 1
meaning
main clause
If clause
May happen if something happens first
Will people like us keep coming?
If the sea keeps shrinking
الترتيب ألقواعدي
Subject+will +verb(infinitive)
If + subject+verb (present)
Type 2
meaning
main clause
If clause
Unreal or imaginary now or in the future
We would have to walk two kilometers to the water.
If we were at a Dead Sea hotel now
الترتيب ألقواعدي
Subject+would +verb(infinitive)
If + subject+verb (past)
Type 3
meaning
main clause
If clause
For an imaginary situation in the past
Everything would have been all right
If less water had been taken
الترتيب ألقواعدي
Subject+would have+verb(past participle)
If + subject+verb (past perfect)
Use the following to make conditionals type ( 1/ 2 /3 ).
1- If Arwa (not call out) to her brother Jihad, he (not turn) and (wave) back.
2- If he (not turn), he (see) the sign.
3- If he (see) the sign, he (stop) in time.
4-If he (not go on), the men (not shut) at him.
حل الجملة الثانية :
1. If he doesn't turn , he will see the sign .
2. If he didn't turn . he would see the sign .
3. If he hadn't turned , he would have seen the sign .
Unit Twelve
Reported speech
Pronoun changes
theirs
ours
he / she
I
his/her
my
they
we
their
our
his/hers
mine
myself
him/her
me/you
them
us
you-me-I-me
you-us-we-us
you-her-she-her
you-him-he-him
you-them-they-them
your-us-our
your-her-her
your-him-his
your-them-their
immediately\then
now
time
later
soon
two days before\earlier
two days ago
that day
today
that night
tonight
the next\the following day
tomorrow
the previous day\the day before
yesterday
the night before
last night
There
( when what is referred to is clear)
here
place
That place
this place
Those places
these places
go\take
come\bring
verb
Reported Speech and the Formal.
Reported speech.
Quoted speech
She said that(she) watched TV
She said, "I watch TV every day"
1
She said she was watching TV
She said," I'm watching TV"
2
She said she had watched TV
She said," I watched TV"
3
She said she would watch TV
She said," I will watch TV"
4
She said she was going to watch TV
She said," I'm going to watch TV"
5
She said she had watch TV
She said," I have watched TV"
6
She said she had been watching TV
She said," I was watching TV"
7
She said she ought to watch TV
She said," I ought to watch TV"
8
She told me to watch TV
She said," Watch TV"
9
She told me not to watch TV
She said, "'t watch TV"
10
تحويلات الأفعال
Verb change
Reported speech
Quoted speech
Past simple
Present simple
Past perfect
Past simple
Past continuous
Present continuous
Past perfect continuous
Past continuous
Past perfect
Present perfect
Past perfect
Past perfect
Reported speech
Quoted speech
was
am
was
is
Were
are
had been
was
had been
were
did
do
Did
does
had done
did
had
has
Had
have
had had
had
Could
can
Would
will
Should
shall
had to
must
had to
have to
had to
has to
يبقى كما هو
الماضي من modals
هناك ثلاثة أنواع من التحويلات:
1-تحويل الجمل الخبرية ويكون كالتالي: نبدأ الجملة ب he said (that) نحول الضمائر كما في القواعد السابقة إن وجدت نحول تصريف الفعل كما في القواعد السابقة نحول تعابير الزمان إٍٍنْ وجدت
2-تحويل الأسئلة وهي نوعان: أ- wh- questions حيث غالبا ما نبدأ التحويل ب
He asked if + subject + verb(s)+ sentence complement
3-تحويل الأمر command/request
He told (pronoun)+to infinitive+ sentence complement الأمر المثبت.
He told (pronoun)+(not)to infinitive+sentence complement الأمر المنفي.
Study these examples.
1- I am a teacher.
He said (that) he was a teacher.
2- This table is being sold now.
He said that table was being sold then.
3- What'syour name?
He asked what my name was.
4- Are you studying English now?
He asked if I was studying English then.
Report the following.
1-" I want a sandwich," Jennifer said.
Jennifer said………………………………………………………………
2-"I'm going to move to Ohio," Bruce said.
Bruce informed me………………………………………………………
3-" did you enjoy your trip?" asked Connie.
Connie asked me………………………………………………………….
4-Nancy asked, "Have you seen my grammar book?"
Nancy wanted to know………………………………………………….
5-Sam asked, "Where is Amanda?"
Sam wanted to know…………………………………………………….
6-" I may be late," said Mike.
Mike told me………………………………………………………………
7-Barbara said, "I have to go downtown"
Barbara said…………………………………………………………….
8-" why is the key blue?" my young daughter often asks.
My young daughter often asks me…………………………………….
9-"I will come to the meeting," said Juan.
Juan told me………………………………………………………………
10-"The sun rises in the east," said Mr. Clark.
Mr. Clark said…………………………………………………………….
11-" Is there anything I can do to help?"
Sally wanted to know……………………………………………………
12-"Does Jim know what he's doing?"
I wondered………………………………………………………………..
13-"Is what I wrote correct?"
Maria wanted to know………………………………………………….
14-"I need to go to the market before it close".
Janet suddenly remembered…………………………………………..
15-"Will you be here tomorrow?"
She asked…………………………………………………………………
16-Can you speak Arabic?
She asked ………………………………………………………………
17-How tall are you?
She asked ………………………………………………………………
18-Do you feel okay?
She asked ………………………………………………………………
19-Whose briefcase is this?
Omar asked…………………………………………………………….
20-May I borrow your dictionary?
The student asked…………………………………………………….
21-Did you go to class yesterday?
My father asked me………………………………………………….
22-How many people have you met you in the last couple of months?
والتى تظهر في محتوى المشاركة .. وسنقوم
in order to) & so that.
't open the door,………………will you……………………………?
العرض العادي
